Invitrogen™ Human APE1/APEX1 ELISA Kit

Mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE/ref-1) is a multifunctional, bipartite enzyme that plays an important role in numerous, cellular functions. APE is responsible for repairing abasic sites in DNA and in regulating the redox state of other proteins that play roles in oxidative signaling, transcription factor regulation (Fos, Jun, NF-kB, Myb, HIF-1 alpha, CREB, Pax), cell cycle control (p53), and apoptosis. The most common form of DNA damage is the creation of abasic sites which are brought about through spontaneous loss or oxidative DNA damage, through chemically initiated hydrolysis (chemotherapy), ionizing radiation, UV irradiation, oxidizing agents, and removal of modified bases by DNA glycosylases. APE is differentially expressed during development and in different tissues. This protein has diverse subcellular localization patterns which support the possibility of its interaction with numerous, other cellular proteins in addition to DNA repair within the nucleus. Regulation of APE by phosphorylation is mediated, at least in part, by casein kinase II. Increases in APE message and protein levels are observed upon the reintroduction of oxygen to hypoxic cells, and in some malignant tissue relative to normal tissue. Decreases in APE expression have been associated with the induction of cellular apoptosis.